Earth from Space

Beduins in the Sahara, Morocco

While water covers 73% of the earth’s surface, clean water is, in many parts of the world, a scarce and expensive resource, and is increasingly becoming more scarce and more expensive. It is common in the eastern and central parts of the US, however, even here we experience water shortages. Frakking, coal processing, cooling nuclear power plants, and other industrial processes require clean water, and produce dirty water, and water shortages are predicted in 36 states over the next 5 years.

Yet water is in the air. It’s easier to pull water out of a river or a stream, or even out of the ground, where it exists in the liquid state, than to condense water vapor out of the air, but this is about to change. And water vapor in the air is cleaner than water on the ground.

The Vapour Inc Pure Water Genie ™ condenses water out of the air, and uses about 1 kwh per gallon, depending on humidity and air temperature. The units come in various sizes for personal or office applications to embassy scale sizes.

My friends at Vapour Inc, call it the “Pure Water Genie.” I would call it a “Cloud Machine,” or a “Box of Rain.”

Consider the American Embassy in Damascus, or Tehran, or a military base in Afghanistan. The Vapour Pure Water Genie is a source of pure water in hostile territory. If the American Embassy in Tehran had it’s own discrete and independent water supply back in 1979, our military could have been better able to secure the site. If remote military bases in various operating theaters have their own discrete and independent water supplies, then we don’t have to allocate resources to move water in hostile territory; our logistics positions are stronger. If we can pull water out of thick air, we don’t need to burn fuel or risk lives transporting it. If it’s coupled with a solar energy system then our embassies we don’t need fuel for generators in countries like Egypt, Iraq, Syria, Pakistan, Russia and China, which are either unstable, potentially hostile, have limited supplies of clean water, an unstable energy supply and distribution system.

The Vapour Genie uses electricity to pull water out of air without plastic and fuel used to bottle and transport bottled water. The water is chemical-free, with purity second only to distillation. This is unmatched by bottled water, and in some cases tap water. The six-stage filtration includes: Sediment, Sterilize, Carbon Block, TCR, UF, UV.  As fuel prices go up, so will the cost of transporting bottled water. As the costs of “disposing” and recycling plastics increases, so will the cost of bottled water. But while fuel prices and plastic recycling costs will go up, solar energy systems will be stable or drop due to advances in engineering. (See my post from Dec. 17, 2011, “Moore’s Law Applied to Solar Power,” here.)

The Pure Water Genies perform optimally in 70% to 80% humidity and temperatures between 75 F and 84 F (24 C and 29 C). We can’t control ambient humidity, but we can control temperature. In Kabul, Afghanistan, for example, in a controlled room with 78 F, the humidity will range from 33% in August to 77% in February. The Water Genie 5000 will produce 600 liters per day in August and 4650 liters per day in February.

These could replace water coolers in offices across the United States – and according to John at Vapour Inc., there are 12 million today.  And these could provide a secure water supply for our embassies and for service personnel on missions around the world.

Cryptome with resources (but not a complete list) of High-Hazard reservoirs in the New York City Area.

Their focus, of course, is different from ours, but Toolmonger is an incredible site – often showing emergency response/reconstruction tools we’d never hear of otherwise. Here’s one the Rol-La-Tank: (or Fol-Da-Tank, which might be the company name, or the name of the product line). They’ve got both URL’s Foldatank.com and Fol-Da-Tank – this should give interested readers enough to find them.

Thanks to Benjamen Johnson of Toolmonger.

Liz Borkowski at The Pump Handle

has an interesting discussion of sewage systems – she points out that

While most of sewage systems do a great job of making the water look clean and getting rid of bacteria and viruses, they often aren’t designed to remove synthetic chemicals. With so many of us dependent on daily doses of pharmaceuticals, we’re excreting lots of drugs (or their metabolites), and they’re sticking around in treated wastewater. Researchers are now starting to discover what that means for the environment.

What’s In Your Sewage? at The Pump Handle

And then, typically for The Pump Handle , follows up with well-sourced, calm discussion which will leave you better informed.

There may be long-term planning implications with respect to how we design sewage and filtration systems. We’re also reminded of the toxic soup post-Katrina – composed not only of sewage – but of every opened bottle of household cleanser, paint, insecticide, etc. which was on a floor low enough to have the water pass through. (I’ll try to update later with links to the post-Katrina water issues).

The Swiss Firm MW Line makes solar boats that are ferrying people around lakes and rivers in Switzerland, France, Italy, and the United Kingdom. The only backup power, apparently, is on-shore charging from the grid. They’re also the shipbuilder for the PlanetSolar project which plans to have a solar-only craft in the water ready for a two-person, 120-day around-the-world trip in 2009.

The New York Times reported on January 4th that New York Water Taxi, the only operator of Queens/Manhattan and Brooklyn/Manhattan ferry service has cancelled service for the winter – largely because of fuel price increases. That notwithstanding a monthly subsidy from the real estate developers who established Schaefer’s Landing, a high-end project in Williamsburgh. A ferry powered by photovoltaic cells wouldn’t be directly affected, if at all, by petroleum price increases. Given the relatively short distances involved, on-board solar panels and batteries could be supplemented with electricity dockside. If that electricity is generated via wind (often best captured on or near water) or solar, ferry operating costs could be insulated from petroleum price fluctuations.

In mid-2003, the World Health organization reported on cholera in Iraq:

rom 28 April to 4 June 2003, a total of 73 laboratory-confirmed cholera cases have been reported in Iraq : 68 in Basra governorate, 4 in Missan governorate, 1 in Muthana governorate. No deaths have been reported.

[Show as slideshow]

From 17 May to 4 June 2003, the daily surveillance system of diarrhoeal disease cases in the four main hospitals of Basra reported a total of 1549 cases of acute watery diarrhea. Among these cases, 25.6 % occurred in patients aged 5 years and above.

Link.

Here’s the WHO’s more recent report:

Since the cholera outbreak was first detected in Kirkuk, Northern Iraq, on 14 August 2007, it has spread to 9 out of 18 provinces across Iraq. It is estimated that more than 30 000 people have fallen ill with acute watery diarrhoea, among which 3 315 were identified as positive for Vibrio cholerae, the bacterium causing the disease. A total of 14 people are known to have died of the disease. The case-fatality rate has remained low throughout the outbreak indicating that those who have become sick have been able to access adequate treatment on time.

The disease is continuing to spread across Iraq and dissemination to as yet unaffected areas remains highly possible. Epidemiological curves are still rising in the provinces from which the majority of laboratory-confirmed cases have originated, Kirkuk (2309) and Sulaymaniah (870). An increasing number of cases of acute watery diarrhoea has also been reported in Diala, a province neighbouring Baghdad. Although V. cholerae has not yet been laboratory confirmed, the clinical symptoms indicate the presence of cholera. The numbers of cases are remaining stable in Basra, Baghdad, Dahuk, Mosul and Tikrit. However, a case has now been confirmed in Wasit, a province that has previously been unaffected by the outbreak.

Link.

Mark Drapeau’s December 4th Op-Ed in the Times, no longer behind the pay-to-read wall:

The threat is bad enough in the overcrowded communities of poor countries, but epidemics thrive in war zones. In dense areas like Baghdad or refugee camps, the Vibrio cholerae bacterium spreads quickly via untreated water or raw sewage. Latrines in these places often adjoin living quarters, making the spread of germs almost inevitable, and mothers commonly scavenge for leftover food to feed children — food that may be mixed with contaminated water or feces.

It’s no coincidence that Iraqi areas with the filthiest water and most raw sewage are breeding grounds for both V. cholerae and insurgents. In a perverse feedback loop, insurgents in these places are more likely to become ill, but conditions for the surrounding populace simultaneously deteriorate, increasing support for the insurgency. Another perverse circumstance is that chlorine is often used to treat cholera-infected water, but because insurgents have started using chlorine trucks in bombing attacks, restrictions on chlorine distribution have led to reduced water treatment and possibly increased the prevalence of cholera.

War and sickness are inextricably intertwined. Large groups of men living at close quarters on scant sleep are perfect carriers. Indeed, microbes have had a larger effect on the outcome of wars than many care to admit, from smallpox outbreaks in the French and Indian War to the pandemic influenza in World War I. As Clausewitz (who died from cholera in 1831) might have said, war is the continuation of disease by other means.

In Iraq, of course, it’s not only insurgents and civilians who are at risk of disease. Given the asymmetric nature of conflict, which group do we expect to be more affected by an epidemic: large, centralized conventional military forces or small, agile insurgent units? The answer is that a 10 percent loss within a 5,000-member brigade is far more devastating than losing two members of a 20-man terrorist cell. And suicide bombers don’t call in sick.

Link to “A Microscopic Insurgent,” by Mark Drapeau.